Tnb-Financial Analysis Essay Example

Tnb-Financial Analysis Paper INTRODUCTION OF CORPORATION PROFILE3 TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 1998-2007 i)PROFITABILITY RATIOS AND SALES REVENUE5 ii)LEVERAGE MANAGEMENT 9 iii)EARNINGS PER SHARE11 iv)LIQUIDITY RATIOS12 v) FIXED ASSET TURNOVER15 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY17 REFERENCE18 APPENDIX 1: RAW DATA APPENDIX 2: ANNUAL REPORT 1998-2007 INTRODUCTION OF CORPORATION PROFILE Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) is the largest utility company in Malaysia. It is also the largest power company in Southest Asia with RM65 billion worth of assets serving over six million customers throughout Peninsular Malaysia and the eastern state of Sabah. Its core activities are generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. TNB is the only Malaysian energy company to rank among the top 50 energy companies in Asia in 2006 (based on the Platts’s survey of the top 250 Global Energy Companies) while internationally it is ranked as 168th. TNB was formed in 1990 by the Electricity Supply Successor Company Act 1990, as the successor of the National Electricity Board of the States of Malaya (Lembaga Letrik Negara Tanah Melayu). It was listed on the Bursa Saham Securities Berhad in the year 1990. TNB Group currently has a complete power supply system generating capacity of about 11,200 MW. In Peninsular Malaysia, TNB contributes to 55 percent of the total industry capacity through six thermal stations and three major hydroelectric schemes. It also manages the transmission network i. e. National Grid which links TNB power stations and IPPs to the distribution network. The National Grid is linked via 132kV HVAC and 300 kV HVDC interconnection to Thailand and 230kV cables to Singapore. TNB’s distribution network is managed through a comprehensive distribution system; customer service centres and calls management centres. We will write a custom essay sample on Tnb-Financial Analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tnb-Financial Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tnb-Financial Analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Through its subsidiaries, TNB is also involves in the manufacturing of transformer, high voltage switchgears and cables, provision of professional consultancy services, architectural, civil and electrical engineering works and services, repair and maintenance, research and development and project management services. TNB also offers higher education through its university – University Tenaga Malaysia (Uniten). The Group mission is â€Å"We Are Committed to Excellence in Our Products and Services† FINANCIAL ANALYSIS (1998 – 2007) The purpose of this chapter will cover the analysis of financial statement from year 1998 to 2007 of Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB) to help evaluate the operating performance and financial positions. Operating performance analysis focuses on how well the organization is matching revenues and expenses or expenditures while financial position analysis focuses on how well positioned the organization is to pay its bills. The Groups principal activities are generating, transmitting, distributing, operating and selling electricity . Other activities include repairing, testing and maintaining power plants, providing engineering, procurement and construction services for power plants related products, assembling and manufacturing high voltage switchgears, coal mining and trading . Operations are carried out in Malaysia, Mauritius, Pakistan, India and Indonesia. Profitability Ratio And Sales Revenue Profitability ratio has increased tremendously from a negative 28% in 1998 to a positive 18% in 2007. This shows how well TNB is performing by analyzing profit earned relative to sales, total assets and net worth. The Group recorded a 14. per cent growth in revenue to RM23,320. 4 million in FY2007 from RM20,384. 2 million in FY2006 and 110 per cent growth in revenue from RM11,075. 6 million in FY1998. This can be seen in a staggered rise and was driven by various factors such as the implementation of the new tariff structure which took effect in the middle of Y2006, foreign exchange translation gains and a 5. 3 per cent increase in electricity demand. This is also reflected by higher electricity sales which increased by RM2. 7 billion or 13. 6% and cost savings. EBITDA increased to 37. 6 per cent compared to 35. per cent last year while net profit increased by 90. 9 per cent from RM2,126. 9 million (Y2006) to RM4,061. 1 (Y2007) million which is almost double the amount; and also a huge increase from a loss of RM3,093. 9 in Y1998. TABLE 1:TNB PROFITABILITY RATIOS 1998 2007 Ratio/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 NET PROFIT MARGIN-0. 280. 070. 100. 150. 060. 060. 050. 070. 100. 17 ROA-0. 070. 020. 030. 040. 020. 020. 010. 020. 030. 06 ROE-0. 240. 060. 090. 130. 050. 070. 050. 080. 110. 17 TABLE 2: TNB CHANGES IN SALES REVENUE 1998 – 2007 RM/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 Sales Revenue (RM million)11075. 6011716. 1013220. 00 13,951. 80 15375. 1016457. 8017712. 1018326. 4019707. 4022384. 00 FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 Leverage Management Apart from registering its highest profit ever, the Group has for the past reduced its loan from RM27. 1 billion in Y2006 to RM23. 9 billion in Y2007. For the past 3 years, a major restructuring of loan has been done. As we can see of RM32. 4 billion in Y2004 to RM23. 9 billion in Y2007, reflecting a RM8. 5 billion or 26. 2 per cent reduction. During the same period, TNB has managed to collect RM553 million from major delinquent debtors and also eduction in theft. Due to the various cost management initiatives undertaken by the Management, the Company has realised around RM2. 4 billion in terms of value creation since 2004. TNB also saw increasing foreign investors’ interest in its shares, when foreign shareholding reached 28. 4 per cent in May 2007; it’s highest since the Company’s privati sation. Given the continued strong financial outcomes, the Company is poised to undertake appropriate growth opportunities within its core business areas. TABLE 5: TNB LEVERAGE MANAGEMENT RATIO 1998 2007 Ratio/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 DEBT RATIO0. 70. 70. 70. 70. 70. 70. 70. 70. 70. 6 DEBT-TO-EQUITY2. 22. 41. 91. 72. 12. 22. 21. 861. 40. 78 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 Earnings Per Share During the year 2007, the Board announced a dividend policy for the purpose of providing stable and sustainable dividends to shareholders while maintaining an efficient capital structure and ensuring sufficient funding for future growth. Under this policy, TNB will distribute 40-60 per cent of the Company’s annual free cash flow as dividends. As such, the Board of Directors is recommending a final gross dividend of 16. sen per ordinary share less income tax of 26 per cent to shareholders of the Company. Together with the interim dividend of RM632 million, the total dividend declared for this Financial Year amounts to an estimated RM1,154. 5 million. From track record Y1998 to Y2007, Y2007 has the highest payout. This change of a negative EPS of 99. 8 sen in Y1998 to a turnaround posit ive 94. 9sen in Y2007 (an 81% increase compare to Y2006 of 52. 5sen). TABLE 6 : CHANGES IN EPS 1998 2007 Ratio/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 EPS-99. 824. 942. 967. 830. 734. 126. 132. 052. 594. 9 FIGURE 7 Liquidity Ratio The current ratio can give a sense of the efficiency of a companys operating cycle or its ability to turn its product into cash. It measures a companys ability to pay short-term obligations. Liquidity ratios measure the short-term ability of the entity to pay its maturing obligations and to meet unexpected needs for cash. As per the above calculation, current ratio and quick ration for TNB decrease from year 1998 to 2000 but increase from 2000 to 2007. The increase in both current and quick ratios from 2000 to 2007 indicates improvement in liquidity (Current ratio from 0. 5 times in 2000 increased to 1. times in 2007; quick ration from 0. 4 times in 2000 to 1. 2 in 2007). The current ratio means for every dollar of current liabilities, in year 2007, TNB has $1. 50 of current assets compare to 1998 which has only $0. 80. While for quick ratio, TNB performed quite well too. Ratio increased from year 2000 to 2007. The peak was in year 2004 with the quick ratio of 1. 4. The company is â €˜cash rich’ and able to pay off short-term obligations without relying on the sale of inventories. TABLE 4: TNB LIQUIDITY RATIO 1998 2007 Ratio/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 CURRENT RATIO0. 0. 70. 50. 70. 80. 91. 71. 21. 41. 5 QUICK RATIO0. 60. 50. 40. 60. 60. 51. 411. 11. 2 FIGURE 8 FIGURE9 Fixed Assets Turnover Assets management ratios measure how effectively TNB is managing its assets. Fixed assets turnover ratio for the company is increasing from the year 1999 to 2007, from 0. 27 to 0. 41, 51% improvement over 9 years of business operation. Over the 9 years TNB’s total assets turnover ratio increased from 0. 25 times in 1999 to 0. 34 times in 2007. This indicates that the company is generating sufficient volume of business given its total assets investment. Sales increased, some assets were sold, or a combination of these steps had been taken. TABLE 3: TNB ASSET MANAGEMENT RATIOS 1998 – 2007 Ratio/Year1998199920002001200220032004200520062007 FIXED-ASSET TURNOVER0. 280. 270. 290. 290. 300. 320. 330. 350. 370. 41 TOTAL ASSET TURNOVER0. 260. 250. 260. 260. 270. 270. 280. 300. 310. 34 FIGURE 10 FIGURE 11 Executive Summary In summary, it can be seen that Tenaga Nasional Berhad has increased its performance quite steadily for the past ten years. It has managed to improve its performance from losses to steady growth of earnings and profit. It has done by steadily increasing its tariff, earnings from foreign exchange translation gains and increase in electricity demand. Tenaga Nasional Berhad are also able to manage its debt by decreasing it quite considerably. The company managed to collect its debt from major delinquent debtors and also reduction in theft. Though its total revenue increases, there is large escalation in total operating cost. This in turns has resulted into slight decrease of its profit margin. It has shift its operation towards fuel- fix in order to reduce the cost of coal usage and also maximizing its gas and hydro usage from its multi-fuel plants. The rising coal price has increase the total fuel cost. However its foreign exchange gain and continued effort in cost management has increased its pre tax profit. TNB would need to resort to the capital market to finance its capital expenditure requirements due to increases in operating cost and requirement to enhance its electricity supply reliability. TNB also has plans to further increase its tariff in 2008 due to the increasing cost i. e. the increase in the selling price of independent power plant (IPP) where it purchases some of its energy requirement This has lead to a lot of debate in the government and also its consumer. There are pressures for TNB to review its current contract with the various IPP to ensure that TNB will be able to fully benefit and earn a profit from its agreement with them. It remains to be seen if TNB will do so despite pressure from its consumer to not increase the tariff. In conclusion, TNB should be able to sustain its current growth and further increase if profit. However TNB must be mindful of its operational cost in order for it to sustain its profit. REFERENCE ?Tenaga Nasional Berhad Annual Reports 1999-2007 ?www. tnb. com. my ?http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional

Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis

Hamlet: Ethos and Rhetoric Analysis Ben Martin In the excerpt from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, during Hamlet’s intense conversation with his mother over his father’s murder, there is much that can be learned by examining his ethos or character and analyzing his rhetorical patterns. Hamlet is a character that does not always show what he is feeling to others, but in this explosive conversation with his mother he attempts to shame her over his father’s death and you can learn a great amount about him by examining his ethos in this speech. At the beginning of Hamlets speech it is obvious that he is disgusted at what his mother has done that he just wants justice, which can be seen in a quote from his speech: You cannot call it love: for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble When Hamlet says this he is taking an extremely demanding tone with his mother as if he were just trying to make her realize the serious immorality in her actions. But the fact that Hamlet is choosing to ridicule his mother’s love life just shows how passionate he feels, as if to say that he did not want to loose another parent, but this time to poor judgment. At this point in the play Hamlet feels like he is crazy because no one else seems to think his father’s death was a big deal, including his mother. It seems all Hamlet wants is for his mother to realize what happened was wrong and that is why he is displaying his ethos so passionately. During this intense conversation between Hamlet and his mother, Hamlet uses many complex analogies to portray the seriousness in his argument. It is very clear by glancing at the speech how content Hamlet is on proving his point to his mother through the use of analogies, which is revealed in the following excerpt: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? Could you on ... Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis Free Essays on Hamlet Ethos And Rhetoric Analysis Hamlet: Ethos and Rhetoric Analysis Ben Martin In the excerpt from Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, during Hamlet’s intense conversation with his mother over his father’s murder, there is much that can be learned by examining his ethos or character and analyzing his rhetorical patterns. Hamlet is a character that does not always show what he is feeling to others, but in this explosive conversation with his mother he attempts to shame her over his father’s death and you can learn a great amount about him by examining his ethos in this speech. At the beginning of Hamlets speech it is obvious that he is disgusted at what his mother has done that he just wants justice, which can be seen in a quote from his speech: You cannot call it love: for at your age The hey-day in the blood is tame, it’s humble When Hamlet says this he is taking an extremely demanding tone with his mother as if he were just trying to make her realize the serious immorality in her actions. But the fact that Hamlet is choosing to ridicule his mother’s love life just shows how passionate he feels, as if to say that he did not want to loose another parent, but this time to poor judgment. At this point in the play Hamlet feels like he is crazy because no one else seems to think his father’s death was a big deal, including his mother. It seems all Hamlet wants is for his mother to realize what happened was wrong and that is why he is displaying his ethos so passionately. During this intense conversation between Hamlet and his mother, Hamlet uses many complex analogies to portray the seriousness in his argument. It is very clear by glancing at the speech how content Hamlet is on proving his point to his mother through the use of analogies, which is revealed in the following excerpt: This was your husband. Look you now, what follows: Here is your husband; like a mildew’d ear, Blasting his wholesome brother. Have you eyes? Could you on ...

Health policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health policy - Essay Example Decisions on the clear-cut balance to be employed will rely on an array of issues including the perspective of stakeholders, specifically service users and mental health experts. Community based health care services could be a solution to the dire problems of mental health care in Australia, particularly in New South Wales. Large hospitals located in the urban areas often have the best facilities and equipment for mental treatment whereas clinics in the communities are left behind because of over-emphasis on the needs and demands of the health care sector in the cities. Community based mental health services could lessen the problem of overcrowding in city hospitals which usually causes poor quality mental health care, could improve the medical knowledge and expertise of medical practitioners assigned in the rural areas and most probably it could eliminate the negative attitude of â€Å"blaming the victim†. The Medical Journal of Australia released a report in the mid-1970s which showed the result of the investigation on community psychiatry in the locale. The decision to allow psychiatric hospitals to consign patients in the community had produced confusion on professionals, on whether they were gaining independence or just being coldheartedly disregarded. The New South Wales Mental Health Act in 1958 revised the mental health guidelines. It abolished the 1898 Lunacy Act which prohibited certification and committal on the singular basis of psychiatric infirmity. This move then gave community workers and mental welfare officers an opportunity to visit patients on vacation at home. Community-based services were then further reinforced by the introduction of new psychotropic drugs in the 1950s which were able to lessen acute symptoms of significant conditions and made possible the placing of mental health patients in the community (Lewis 2003, p. 109). Moreover, beginning from the 1960s, mental health professionals were instructed in community principles

A critical analysis of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) Essay

A critical analysis of the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) - Essay Example The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) is a resource for early childhood care and education practitioners to support the needs of young children under their care. It sets standards for learning, development and care for children up to five years of age. EYFS provides a wide variety of information on child development to help practitioners understand how children grow and what they need to help them optimize their potentials (Tickell, 2011). The use of this resource will effectively enable early childhood settings to meet the key outcomes outlined in Every Child Matters and to ensure that high quality service is provided to the children. Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) In early childhood, caring for all children involves many considerations. One is to see each child at his or her own developmental level and create activities and opportunities appropriate to their particular levels. The child needs to develop holistically, meaning each developmental area is given attention to so g rowth and development as a whole person ensues. The crucial areas of development that need to be emphasized in early learning are Personal, social and emotional development; Communication and language Physical development (Department of Education, 2012). Aside from these major areas, the children also need to develop skills in literacy, mathematics, understanding the world and expressive arts and design (Department of Education, 2012) These are all linked together, as in development in one area affects the others. The practitioner needs careful planning and implementation of activities so that children under their care grow in all areas. The EFYS works around four essential themes namely: A unique child; positive relationships; enabling environments and learning and development (Department of Education, 2012). These themes are briefly explained as follows. Each child is born with his or her own set of talents and potentials, and these are meant to be developed all throughout his lif e. The practitioner is to help the child develop his or her potentials to the fullest by providing him with activities and experiences to hone his skills. If the child shows propensity for the arts, the practitioner allows him or her to indulge in creative activities of interest to the child (Tickell, 2011). EYFS’s theme of positive relationships enables children to grow up in environments that make them feel love and security from their homes or learning environments, making them grow up to be self-confident, self-propelling people. Supportive adults help children understand the emotions they undergo, especially if these feelings are negative and confusing to the child (anger, disappointment, jealousy, etc.). In being understood, the children themselves learn to be sensitive to others’ feelings and provide the same support and understanding to them, creating a circle The key of positive relationships. The outcomes specified in Every Child Matters are met in such posit ive environments (Department of Education, 2012). The theme of provision of enabling environments for children play a key role in helping and guiding children in growing to be capable individuals. This entails a practitioner’s keen observation of each child, as to his or her interests, skills, personality traits, etc. and get cues from the children themselves as to how they would like their learning to be structured. Careful planning of activities for children should consider important concepts and skills they should be learning at their developmental level. Again, this agrees with the constructivists’ view of children’

Strategical approach of comprehension

Strategical approach of comprehension Disadvantages of the Strategical Approach of Comprehension For students of English, it is listening comprehension that usually seems to be the hardest to master among the different skills of language learning. Therefore, there are numerous theories published in order to make listening tasks more effective and to devise more useful types of practice. One of these methods proposes the separate improvement of particular sub-skills, of which listening comprehension is claimed to consist, and it also suggests the application of listening strategies, which theoretically make listening easier. It is not hard to realize, though, that however tempting they might seem, the strategic approach of listening comprehension means more needless work to students than improvement. To begin with, it has a negative effect on students results that this approach of comprehension underestimates the importance of practice. As Field (1998) formulates it, For fifteen years it has been axiomatic that more reading does not necessarily mean better reading. (p. 112). First, this can mean that the exclusive training of sub-skills does not allow comprehension to improve as a whole. Second, since different types of exercises require different strategies, learners might perform badly in the types not practised extensively. In summary, the subordinated role of practice can have a negative effect on students. The second reason is that the exclusive use of authentic texts can significantly slow down the progress of students at a lower level of proficiency. First, as the strategic approach fails to realize the importance of grading texts, it can be unnecessarily difficult although the more one can understand in a listening task, the more useful the particular task is, (Ridgway, 2000). Second, a less proficient student might lose motivation if the listening texts seem to be impossible to understand. Third, the theory of listening strategies suggests predicting the meaning and guessing unknown words from content; that, however, can lead to the reduced expansion of vocabulary. To summarize, the use of authentic texts can mean a definite disadvantage on certain levels of proficiency. Finally, one could say that listening strategies can prove extremely helpful for learners, but actually it consumes a significant amount of resources to practice these techniques. On the one hand, practising each of these techniques separately consumes a far larger amount of time than a student could afford at the expense of training other areas of language proficiency. On the other hand, the constant effort to choose the appropriate strategy can be very difficult and exhausting for students and is often futile; Field (2000) himself tends to admit this, as well, it seems that they may not be capable of employing it appropriately in relation to a particular listening text or of combining it successfully with other strategies that they have encountered. (p. 192). To summarize, the application of strategies requires more time and energy than the advantages it provides. In conclusion, it can be seen through various reasons that the strategical approach of comprehension is not as beneficial for students as it might seem in the beginning. First, it provides a smaller amount of practice for the students. Second, the extensive use of authentic texts suggested by this theory can be inappropriate for certain students. Third, the strategy-based approach is definitely more time- and energy-consuming than it is helpful. From the above mentioned points, it is clear that the use of different strategies is not required for effective language learning. References: Field, J. (1998). Skills and strategies: towards a new methodology for listening. ELT Journal, 52(2), 110-118. Field, J. (2000). Not waving but drowning: a reply to Tony Ridgway. ELT Journal, 54(2), 186-195. Ridgway, T. (2000). Listening strategies- I beg your pardon?. ELT Journal, 54(2), 179-185.

Gender Equality and the Law Essay -- Feminism Equality Social Issues E

Gender Equality and the Law One of Ruth Bader Ginsburg’s primary goals of the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation was to prove that stereotypical treatment of gender under the law was unconstitutional. It was Ginsburg’s goal to make the Court realize that â€Å"the law’s differential treatment of men and women, rationalized as reflecting â€Å"natural† differences between the sexes, historically had tended to contribute to women’s subordination† (Ginsburg 11). Ginsburg carefully selected cases which she felt would produce the greatest results. To do this, she â€Å"pursue(d) a series of cases that illuminate(d) the most common instances of gender distinctions in the law (Ginsburg 14). In three cases, Reed v. Reed, Frontiero v. Richardson, and Craig v. Boren, Ginsburg was successful in arguing that legal distinctions on the basis of sex qualified as suspect classifications. Therefore the state must show a compelling interest in its legislation, and â€Å" must demonstrate that the means are necessarily related to the ends sought to be achieved by the statue and are the least restrictive† (Mezey 16). Today, it is debatable whether women are equal to men in the eyes of the law. However, without the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation of the nineteen seventies, women would be remain subjected to stereotypical legal treatment and thus would still be regulated to an inferior status of citizenship. The first case in which the Supreme Court invalidated a law which discriminated on the basis of sex became extremely important because it set the president to which many future opinions would refer. Reed v. Reed, 1971, Ginsburg argued that Sally Reed was denied equal protection which should have been protected by the Fourteenth Amendment, when her husband wa... ...udes by stating in it’s opinion for Goesart v. Cleary 1948, that â€Å"Michigan could, beyond question, forbid all women from working behind a bar† (Goldstein 102 ). However, in 1976 the Supreme Court â€Å"refused to approve laws which were based on archaic and overbroad generalizations or on old notions of role typing† (Mezey 19). Clearly, great strides have been taken towards anti stereotypical legislation, in roughly a quarter of a century. Legal equality for women is in large part due to the Women’s Rights Project’s litigation of the nineteen seventies and the legal genius of Ruth Bader Ginsburg who made the Court scrutinize sex Discrimination cases much more closely. The result is that the Supreme Court must â€Å"test policies and practices by asking whether they integrally contribute to the maintenance of an underclass or a deprived position because of gender† (Ginsburg 20).

Die Casting

Presentation Pressure Die Casting Sam Mande Deepak Ch Veera Pratap Vamsi raj J (BUB0912011) (BUB0912016) (BUB0912013) (BUB0912010) M. Sc. (Engg. ) in Engineering Manufacturing and Management Module Leader : Dr N S Mahesh M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 1 History Casting since about 4000 BC†¦ Ancient Greece; bronze statue casting 450BC Iron works in early Europe, e. g. cast iron cannons from England 1543 2 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies Introduction Die casting is a very commonly used type of permanent molding process in which surface finish and tolerance of die cast parts is good that post-processing can be eliminated in many cases. †¢ Die casting molds are expensive and require much time to manufacture they are generally called dies. †¢ Die casting is done for high volume with high details, and value added economically priced cast parts. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 3 Die Casting Process 1. Die is ready to start 2. Die is closed, molten metal is filled in the chamber . The ram pushes the molten metal in to the die 4. Die cavity is filled with molten metal in few micro seconds 4 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies Die Casting Process 5. The metal than solidifies 6. The component casted is ejected from the die 7. The die is cleaned and sprayed with releasing agents 8. Die is ready for the next cycle 5 M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies Die casting process †¢ In Die-Casting the metal is injected in to the mold under high pressure 10-210 Mpa (1,450-30500 psi) Casting can produce very complex geometry parts with internal cavities and hollow sections. †¢ It is economical, with very little wastage, the extra metals in each casting is melted and reused †¢ The clamping pressure exerted on the die is Rated in â€Å"Clamping tons† †¢ The capacity varies from 400 tons to 4000 tons. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 6 Die Casting Process †¢ Most of the die castings are made from non-ferrous metals, particularly zinc, copper, aluminum, magnesium, lead, and tin based alloys, although ferrous metal die castings are possible The die casting method is especially suited for applications where a large quantity of small to medium sized parts are needed with good detail , a fine surface quality and dimensional tolerance †¢ There are two common types of die casting: hot- chamber process and cold-chamber process †¢ Example: Pressure die casting M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 7 Cold chamber process †¢ The essential feature of this process is the independent holding and injection units †¢ In the cold chamber process metal is transferred by ladle, manually or automatically, to the shot sleeve †¢ Actuation of the injection piston forces the metal into the die.This is a single-shot operation †¢ This procedure minimizes the contact time between the hot metal and the injector components, this extend their operating life M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 8 Cold chamber process †¢ Hot melt is pressurised with high-speed injection is likely to enter air in the metal, which can cause porosity in the castings †¢ The cold chamber process is used for the production of aluminium, copper base alloys and steel castings †¢ Next to zinc, aluminium is the most widely used die-casting alloy The mould has sections, which include the â€Å"cover† or hot side and the â€Å"movable† or ejector side M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 9 †¢ The die may also have additional moveable segments called slides or pulls, which are used to create features such as undercuts or holes which are parallel to the parting line †¢ Available machine capacity ranges 300 to 4000 T clamping pressure M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 10 Cold-Chamber Die Casting Process Operating Sequence of the ColdChamber Die Casting ProcessThe die is closed and the molten metal is ladled into the cold-chamber shot sleeve. The plunger pushes the molten metal into the die cavity where it is held under pressure until solidification. Ejector pins push the casting out of the ejector die and the plunger returns to its original position The die opens and the plunger advances, to ensure that the casting remains in the ejector die. Cores, if any, retract. M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 11 Applications †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Fuel Pumps Carburetor Parts Valve Covers Handles M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 2 Hot Chamber Process †¢ Hot chamber process is the process where the metal is maintained at an appropriate temperature in a holding furnace adjacent to the machine †¢ The injection mechanism is located within the holding furnace and a part of it is therefore in constant contact with the molten metal †¢ Pressure is transmitted to the metal by the injection piston through the gooseneck and into the die †¢ On the return stroke metal is drawn into the g ooseneck for the next shot M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 13 Hot Chamber Process In this process there is minimum contact between air and the metal to be injected †¢ Due to the contact between the metal and parts of the injection system hot chamber is restricted to zinc-base alloys †¢ The Zinc alloys are mostly used in the die casting process †¢ They have physical, mechanical and casting properties †¢ Applications limited to low melting point metals that do not chemically attack nozzle and other mechanical components M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 14 Hot Chamber Process †¢ The main advantage of this process includes fast cycle times of approximately 15 cycles per minute Due to this process, hot chamber machines are used with Casting metals likes zinc, tin, lead, and magnesium M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 15 Hot Chamber Die Casting Process M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 16 Advantages †¢ Economical for large produ ction quantities †¢ More accuracy †¢ Surface finish is good †¢ Thin sections are possible †¢ Fast cooling leads small grain size and also good strength to casting †¢ Dimensional control is achieved †¢ Due to thin walls, weight is reduced M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 17Disadvantages †¢ High tooling costs †¢ Size restrictions of castings †¢ Volume restrictions †¢ Generally limited to metals with low metal points †¢ Part geometry must allow removal from die M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 18 Applicability †¢ Excellent for large and complicated shapes, particularly with internal features †¢ Can produce net shape or near net shape components †¢ Used where mechanical properties are not important †¢ Used where solid state processing is difficult or uneconomical M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 19 Conclusion Depending on the field of application Die casting plays a crucial role in fulfill ing the requirement accordingly &depending on the size and shape of component and material used the appropriate process should be selected †¢Mainly by controlling and maintaining the various parameters such as material, machine, cycle time and impression(mould)the effectiveness can be improved and its directly reflects in M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 20 †¢ Reducing maintenance cost †¢ Quality of component is improved †¢ Rejection rate is less †¢ Wastage of material is less Life of machine and mould is improved †¢ By following these parameters overall process will be effective & which leads to economic effectiveness M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 21 Reference [1] Unknown. , pressure die casting process, www. wikipedia. com, [2] Unknown, Advantages of PDC, www. dynecast. com, [3] Unknown. , cold chamber die casting, www. diecastetechnology. blogspot. com , [4] Unknown. , Hot chamber die casting, www. duecasting. com [4] Module notes ENG:MATLS. Dr Ns mahesh MSRSAS Bangalore. , M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 22 THANK YOU M. S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies 23